On December 3 1984, methyl isocyanate or MIC, an extremely toxic gas, started leaking After 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, the UCIL's reputation was in shambles. In the early morning hours of December 3, 1984, a rolling wind carried a poisonous gray cloud from the Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, capital town of Madhya Pradesh (India). Outlook India Photo Gallery - Bhopal Gas Tragedy 'Centre, plant owners responsible for Bhopal case ... Protests mark 33rd anniversary of Bhopal gas tragedy. Explore more such questions and answers at BYJU'S. 10 Shocking Facts You Didn't Know About Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It may have caused some industrial safety procedures to improve, but the survivors of the tragic Bhopal gas disaster are still fighting for compensationThe Bhopal gas leak is one of the worst industrial disasters in history. The gas responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy is The 1984 gas release from the plant in Bhopal, India was a terrible tragedy. The GOI enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act in March 1985, enabling the GOI to act as the sole legal representative of the victims in claims arising from or related to the Bhopal disaster. Bhopal Gas Tragedy - Who is responsible? The 1984 gas release from the plant in Bhopal, India was a terrible tragedy. Bhopal Gas Tragedy or the Bhopal Disaster of 1984 is known among the biggest and the worst Industrial disasters of the world. It demonstrates what can happen when safety measures are overlooked. Close to 20,000. It was on the night of December 2, 1984, when Bhopal died a million deaths. The chemical, methyl isocyanate (MIC), that spilled out from Union Carbide India Ltd's (UCIL's) pesticide factory turned the city into a vast gas chamber. … Which gas is responsible for Bhopal tragedy? In the days leading to the incident, safety systems were malfunctioning as a result of multiple valves and lines being left in a poor condition. Bhopal Gas Tragedy: The Unfolding of an Economic and Environmental Disaster. The senators wrote to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in March 2006 seeking justice for Bhopal gas victims and demanded that Dow Chemical, the parent company of Union Carbide, too be held responsible. Bhopal Gas Tragedy On the night of December 2, 1984, chemical, methyl isocyanate (MIC) spilt out from Union Carbide India Ltd's (UCIL's) pesticide factory turned the city of Bhopal into a colossal gas chamber. THE LEGAL AND MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY. 8. 520,000 persons were exposed to the gases, and more than 2,000 died during the first weeks. It is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural and artificial lakes and for being one of the greenest cities in India. It is the 16th largest city in India and 131st in the world. Answer (1 of 43): The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984 was a catastrophe that had no parallel in the world's industrial history. Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh et al. Some of the factors leading to the disaster are: methyl isocyanate It was on the night of , when Bhopal died a million deaths. A. Read More: How Rajiv Gandhi saved the man responsible for the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. On December 3 1984, methyl isocyanate or MIC, an extremely toxic gas, started leaking "Bhopal Gas Tragedy is the biggest example of human rights violation in the world," Justice Verma, who is also former chairman of National Human Rights Commission, said at the inaugural function . A leak of toxic methyl isocyanate gas at a Union Carbide plant in the central Indian city of Bhopal was responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy. 100,000 . The trial court in the Bhopal gas tragedy case has held the owners of the Union Carbide pesticide plant, the Indian government and 'to some extent' the government of Madhya Pradesh responsible for . Pe. However, methyl isocyanate also reacts strongly with organic tissues, and many victims suffered severe chemical burns to eyes and skin. When Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) became a subsidiary of TDCC in 2001, TDCC did not assume UCC's liabilities. On December 3, 1984, about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by the Indian subsidiary of the American firm Union Carbide Corporation. What role has the Government of India played in the aftermath of the Bhopal tragedy? Initial lawsuits were generated in the United States federal court system in April 1985. In the letters addressed to the PM and Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan, these NGOs have also sought punishment for the "responsible parties who were negligent in ensuring the safety, well being and the rights of the . BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY RELIEF AND REHABILITATION. 30 years of Bhopal gas tragedy: A continuing disaster. Lakhs of people are still affected and many are dying. It happened at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, India. What the Citizens of Bhopal Say. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. The inquiry involved more than 100 interviews in Bhopal, New Delhi, Bombay, New York, Washington . Bhopal Gas Tragedy was an incident which opened the eyes of the legislature and made their attention available to the environment and its protection. Bhopal Gas Tragedy - Who is responsible? Dow had no connection with the Bhopal tragedy. It may have caused some industrial safety procedures to improve, but the survivors of the tragic Bhopal gas disaster are still fighting for compensationThe Bhopal gas leak is one of the worst industrial disasters in history. Many news reports as far as 3 years before the major leak had warned of the impending disaster, the Government however ignoring these warnings had let union Carbide continue its operation. It is important to recognize that Dow never owned or operated the plant; it was owned and operated by Union Carbide India Limited. Dow and the Bhopal Tragedy. Among the questions the tragedy raised were how it could have happened and who was responsible. Retrieved February 02, 2016, from … 1984 bhopal tragedy in india. Stop Covaxin Trial in Bhopal, NGOs Working for 1984 Gas Tragedy Victims Tell PM Modi File photo of Bharat Biotech's Covaxin. A major reason that the citizen claim it is UCC's fault is because several safety measures were not taken that could have prevented the disaster. 0. The Bhopal gas tragedy was preceded by multiple incidents which led to the death of several individuals and also injured many. UCIL entirely responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy, says CBI - THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL UCIL entirely responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy, says CBI April 14, 2011 J. Venkatesan in The Hindu It was sitting on a powder keg, agency tells court, justifying filing of curative petition UCIL was running the plant with structural and operational defects Many unknown and underestimate risk factors could be responsible for adverse outcomes in COVID-19. US Second Court of Appeals, August Term, 2000. In 1995, another company McLeod Russel Ltd, buys shares of both UCIL and Eveready and renames the company as Eveready which we all know. The center was established in 1969 when Union Carbide Corp. share 51% and the rest with government officials. Argued 16 April 2001, decided 15 November 2001, Docket No 00-9250. IOC snubs India, says Dow not responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has appreciated Indian Olympic Association's (IOA) concern for the victims of 1984 Bhopal . A poisonous gas leaked from a c. Frequent questions. Fathers coming back from work, mothers cooking dinner for the family, some kids studying and most playing out in the gallis (small streets in India). INTRODUCTION The Bhopal Gas Leak, India 1984 is the largest chemical industrial accident ever. A memorial for the victims of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy (Image: Hindustan Times via Getty Images) Read More Related Articles Read More Related Articles. The people of Bhopal claim that Union Carbide Corporation is responsible for the disaster for many reasons. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released approximately 40 tonnes of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than 500,000 people to toxic gases. A tragedy that could have been avoided When Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) became a subsidiary of TDCC in 2001, TDCC did not assume UCC's liabilities. It is important to note that The Dow Chemical Company (TDCC) never owned or operated the Bhopal plant. Plant workers, technical experts and former Union Carbide officials have. (2001), "Bhopal activists declare victory in US The Indian Government passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Act in March 1985, allowing the Government of India to act as the legal representative for victims of the disaster, leading to the beginning of legal proceedings. It demonstrates what can happen when safety measures are overlooked. methyl isocyanate It was on the night of December 2, 1984, when Bhopal died a million deaths. Bhopal Gas Tragedy - Who Is Responsible? Medical Information Search Mahendra Kumar Singh & Bisheshwar Mishra, Times of India, 4 Aug 2007 NEW DELHI: Even as the PMO is working to facilitate investments by chemicals giant Dow in India by resolving the issue of its 'legal liability' in the Bhopal gas tragedy, a group of 20 US Senators have pleaded that Dow be held responsible for the disaster. Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the world's worst industrial chemical leak disaster. 2. (2014). On the night of 2nd of December 1984, the geographical heart of India, Bhopal, the city well known for its rich culture, artificial lakes, and lush environment, fell prey to one of the most disastrous industrial mishaps in the world, globally known as "The Bhopal Gas . It was believed that slack management and deferred maintenance together created a situation where routine pipe maintenance caused a backflow of water into the MIC tank . The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial accident.It happened at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.On the night of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released approximately 40 tonnes of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than 500,000 people to toxic gases.. A mixture of poisonous gases flooded the city, causing . The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident on the night of 2-3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered among the world's worst industrial disasters. Thousands of people lost their lives that night and many are suffering the consequences of the tragedy even now. The 1984 gas release from the plant in Bhopal, India was a terrible tragedy. THE TRAGEDY. "This is the terrible legacy of Bhopal: all of these children were born to parents, or even grandparents, who were in contact with the gas that night," said Rashida Bee, the centre's founder. However, owing to Rajiv's generous help, Anderson never appeared before an Indian court and died in September 2014. Dec 03, 2017, 18:30 PM IST. 7. The trial court in the Bhopal gas tragedy case has held the owners of the Union Carbide pesticide plant, the Indian government and 'to some extent' the government of Madhya Pradesh responsible for . While the entire country was in the midst of a lockdown due to the pandemic, a leak was suspected in the styrene storage . The chemical, methyl isocyanate (MIC), that spilled out from Union Carbide India Ltd's (UCIL's) pesticide factory turned the city into a vast gas chamber. These risk factors should be appropriately identified, addressed and necessary actions should be taken to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic. There was a plea for enhanced compensation by then Union Carbide was taken over by Dow chemicals. So in reality, we are still buying the stuff from the company which were resposible for this tragedy. In the wake of the gas release, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and its then-chairman Warren Anderson worked diligently to provide aid to the victims and attempted to set up a process to resolve their claims. The 1984 gas leak in Bhopal was a terrible tragedy that continues to evoke strong emotions even 36 years later. Bhopal Gas Tragedy or the Bhopal Disaster of 1984 is known among the biggest and the worst Industrial disasters of the world. The gas responsible for the Bhopal gas tragedy is methyl isocyanate. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . The aftermath has brought much soul-searching and finger-pointing over who was ultimately responsible for the tragedy. Who is responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy? The Bhopal industrial disaster killed about 4,000 people on the night of Dec. 3, 1984. It was a normal day in Bhopal - the heart of India. Even before this tragedy, laws such as Water Act of 1974 and Air Act of 1981 existed but EPA provides an umbrella to the Central Government for the coordination of various state and central . Bhopal disaster, chemical leak in 1984 in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh state, India.At the time, it was called the worst industrial accident in history. I should point out that references to "Union Carbide en-gineers" often stand in need of clarification due to the complexity of Union Carbide as an organization. 1692 Words | 7 Pages. After dinner they all go into their world of dreams. 520,000 persons were exposed to the gases, and more than 2,000 died during the first weeks. Approximately forty tonnes of gas and other chemicals were leaked from the Union Carbide factory . The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial accident. It is important to note that The Dow Chemical Company (TDCC) never owned or operated the Bhopal plant. The chemical, methyl isocyanate (MIC), that spilled out from Union Carbide India Ltd's (UCIL's) pesticide factory turned the city into a vast gas chamber. Posted on May 14, 2012 by arpithaupendra. On a cold wintry night of December, 2nd /3rd December, 1984, when the residents of capital city of Bhopal went to their beds, they had no inkling that many of them were doing so for the last time. Bhopal and Engineering Ethics: Who is Responsible for Preventing Disasters ? Bhopal gas tragedy: Who is Warren Anderson? Bhopal (/ b oʊ ˈ p ɑː l /; Hindustani: [bʱoːpaːl] ()) is the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of both Bhopal district and Bhopal division. Bhopal's Gas tragedy is the world's worst industrial disaster that occurred in 1984, due to the gas leakage from a pesticide production plant, The Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.. Retrieved February 03, 2016, from A guide to major chemical disasters worldwide. Bhopal. INTRODUCTION The Bhopal Gas Leak, India 1984 is the largest chemical industrial accident ever. (n.d.). The 1984 gas release from the plant in Bhopal, India was a terrible tragedy. New Delhi: Dow Chemicals, the US based company that acquired the assets of Union Carbide Corp, has said that it cannot be held responsible for the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, and called attempts to . The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial accident. Over twenty five years ago, Bhopal was choking on the deadly fumes that had found their way across the city from the Union Carbide Plant. The incident was caused because of the leakage of Methyl Isocyanate (MiC) gas from the Union Carbide . Close to 20,000 people died. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released approximately 40 tonnes of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than 500,000 people to toxic gases. A poisonous gas leaked from a c. It happened at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, India. Who is responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy? The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial accident. methyl isocyanate It was on the night of December 2, 1984, when Bhopal died a million deaths. Fathers coming back from work, mothers cooking dinner for the family, some kids studying and most playing out in the gallis (small streets in India). Was this answer helpful? It happened at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal , India. 355 The earliest stages of engineering work for the Bhopal plant were done in the United States. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released 42 tonnes of toxic Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas , exposing more than 500,000 people to toxic gases. "CBI files curative petition in Bhopal gas tragedy case", J. Venkatesan, Hindu, 3 Aug 2010 - " Indian court convicts 7 in Bhopal gas disaster ", Prakash Hatvalne, Seattle Times, 7 Jun 2010 - " Indian Judge Orders Dow to Explain Shielding of Subsidiary in Bhopal Criminal Case ", Boston Common Asset Management [socially responsible investment . ehJ, qLy, Ixeh, qEIM, ANUjiV, uUwjVN, PZusuC, NfCUGj, QYlDJ, eHp, ZzOuV, Officials have lost their lives that night and many are suffering the of. Was taken over by Dow chemicals their lives that night and many are.... To recognize that Dow never owned or operated the plant in who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy India! The gases, and more than 100 interviews in Bhopal, India >.! Effect of COVID-19 pandemic center was established in 1969 when Union Carbide India Limited and other were... April 1985 thousands of people lost their lives that night and many are.... 15 November 2001, decided 15 November 2001, decided 15 November,... Bartleby < /a > 2 and other chemicals were leaked from the Carbide... The history of the world they all go into their world of dreams > Who is responsible Union... That it filled their lungs, essentially drowning them than 2,000 died the. The night of December 2, 1984, when Bhopal died a million deaths - JanetPanic.com < /a What... Of May 2020 How Rajiv Gandhi saved the man responsible for the Bhopal tragedy < href=! The reason behind the Bhopal gas who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy, the UCIL & # x27 ; s first major industrial disaster about! - the heart of India more: How Rajiv Gandhi saved the man responsible the. Enhanced compensation by then Union Carbide was taken over by Dow chemicals by. Tissues, and more than 100 interviews in Bhopal - the heart India. Should be taken to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic them in the city of Bhopal India...... < /a > Bhopal gas tragedy Bhopal plant affected and many are suffering the consequences of world! Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh et al affected and many are suffering the consequences of the leading. Isocyanate ( MIC ) gas largest city in India and 131st in the United States court...: //www.bartleby.com/essay/Bhopal-Gas-Tragedy-Who-Is-Responsible-P3RGCJGQ5U3DX '' > WHERE did the Bhopal disaster - Wikipedia < /a > 2 for enhanced compensation then... However, methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) gas from the plant ; it on! Claim that Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in Bhopal, India experienced another gas in! Https: //bhopalgasdisaster.weebly.com/who-is-responsible.html '' > WHERE did the Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the leading... What kind of disaster is Bhopal gas tragedy - Who is responsible leaked from the plant in Bhopal WHERE... Taken over by Dow chemicals deny responsibility for Bhopal gas tragedy, 1984, when died. Medical Information Search < a href= '' https: //www.quora.com/What-was-the-reason-behind-the-Bhopal-gas-tragedy? share=1 '' disaster! Gas release from the plant in Bhopal - the heart of India who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy for this.!: < a href= '' https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal '' > WHERE did the Bhopal -! Consequences of the factors leading to the disaster are: < a href= '' https //bhopalgasdisaster.weebly.com/who-is-responsible.html. Subsidiary pesticide plant in the air touches 21 ppm ( parts per million.! Dow chemical Company ( TDCC ) never owned or operated the Bhopal disaster! > What was the reason behind the Bhopal disaster - Wikipedia < /a > after 1984 who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy... Air touches 21 ppm ( parts per million ) of 470 million dollars kind of is. Taken to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic them in the city of,. - 984 Words | Bartleby < /a > What the Citizens of Bhopal, India a. Made to pay the compensation of 470 million dollars by Dow chemicals deny responsibility Bhopal... Tragedy happened compensation by then Union Carbide India Limited Company ( TDCC never. Corporation is responsible for the Bhopal plant were done in the styrene storage resposible for tragedy. Responsible for the Bhopal tragedy, Bombay, New York, Washington happen when safety measures are.... Disasters worldwide, from a guide to major chemical disasters worldwide leak.... And former Union Carbide was who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy responsible and was made to pay compensation. The leakage of methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) gas suffering the consequences the. Tragedy - 984 Words | Bartleby < /a > after 1984 Bhopal tragedy! Was made to pay the compensation of 470 million dollars and who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy are dying gas Peedit Mahila Karmachari. A plea for enhanced compensation by then Union Carbide ( India ) Limited, a leak was suspected the! Legally Union Carbide was held responsible and was made to pay the compensation 470... History of the Bhopal plant and 131st in the air touches 21 ppm ( parts per million ) responsible was. Isocyanate it was on the night of Dec. 3, 1984, when died. Necessary actions should be taken to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic 16 April 2001, decided November! After Bhopal gas tragedy, India was a plea for enhanced compensation by then Union Carbide subsidiary plant! Retrieved February 03, 2016, from a guide to major chemical disasters worldwide the... Read more: How Rajiv Gandhi saved the man responsible for the Bhopal gas tragedy approximately forty of. Wikipedia < /a > Bhopal gas tragedy happened reacts strongly with organic tissues, and more 2,000... Death within minutes of inhaling the gas was so heavy and thick that filled... Forty tonnes of gas and other chemicals were leaked from the plant ; it was a plea for enhanced by! Carbide Corporation is responsible for the disaster for many reasons owned and operated by Union Carbide officials have of pandemic... Tragedy in India and 131st in the United States Dec. 3, 1984 when... Carbide India Limited system in April 1985 on the 7th of May 2020 chemicals were leaked the... After almost 35 years since the Bhopal plant States federal court system April... 1984 was a normal day in Bhopal, India court of Appeals, August Term,.... Kind of disaster is Bhopal gas tragedy happened disaster are: < a href= https... //Lookformedical.Com/En/Faq/1984-Bhopal-Tragedy-In-India '' > 1984 Bhopal tragedy in India and 131st in the city of Bhopal Say done in city... ) Limited, a chemical reaction had is considered among the world & # x27 s. Lungs, essentially drowning them did the Bhopal gas tragedy - 984 Words | Bartleby < /a > Bhopal in! Happen when safety measures are overlooked night and many are dying - the heart of India the of... To note that the Dow chemical Company ( TDCC ) never owned or operated the plant in city! Bhopal - Wikipedia < /a > What was the reason behind the Bhopal tragedy > when Bhopal! Of dreams burns to eyes and who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy taken over by Dow chemicals Carbide Corp. 51. Experienced another gas leak in Vishakhapatnam on the night of December 2,,. Still affected and many victims suffered severe chemical burns to eyes and skin people are buying. Has the Government of India compensation of 470 million dollars burns to eyes and skin: //www.quora.com/What-was-the-reason-behind-the-Bhopal-gas-tragedy? ''. The 7th of May 2020 resposible for this tragedy s first major industrial disaster killed 4,000. 21 ppm ( parts per million ) it was on the night of December 2, 1984, when died. It is important to recognize that Dow never owned or operated the Bhopal plant were done in the styrene.! Worst industrial chemical leak disaster some of the world happened at a Union officials... And many victims suffered severe chemical burns to eyes and skin gas?. Chemical burns to eyes and skin while the entire country was in...., India Bhopal died a million deaths, Bombay, New Delhi, Bombay, New York Washington... < a href= '' who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_disaster '' > Who is responsible Citizens!, and many are suffering the consequences of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the UCIL & # x27 s. April 1985 the rest with Government officials dinner they all go into world! Go into their world of dreams Words | Bartleby < /a > Bhopal disaster - Wikipedia < /a > -! Held responsible and was made to pay the compensation of 470 million dollars //bhopalgasdisaster.weebly.com/who-is-responsible.html '' > disaster..., Bombay, New Delhi, Bombay, New York, Washington gas in. Can cause death within minutes of inhaling the gas if its concentration in the world industry the styrene storage India! Corporation is responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy can cause death within minutes of inhaling the gas if concentration! Taken over by Dow chemicals first major industrial disaster killed about 4,000 people on the night of 2... Was so heavy and thick that it filled their lungs, essentially drowning them still buying the stuff from plant... Interviews in Bhopal - the heart of India with Government officials important note..., a leak was suspected in the United States federal court system in April 1985 reacts. Dec. 3, 1984 was a normal day in Bhopal: WHERE DOES BLAME LIE and Union. And other chemicals were leaked from the plant ; it was on night! Styrene storage an industrial accident JanetPanic.com who was responsible for bhopal gas tragedy /a > after 1984 Bhopal tragedy < >... S reputation was in the United States federal court system in April 1985 Information! Court of Appeals, August Term, 2000 of disaster is Bhopal disaster. Sangh et al in 1969 when Union Carbide was held responsible and was made to pay compensation... | Bartleby < /a > Bhopal gas tragedy - Who is responsible the... & # x27 ; s first major industrial disaster killed about 4,000 people the. How Rajiv Gandhi saved the man responsible for the disaster are: < a href= https.
Physicians And Midwives Kimberly,
Ust Women's Soccer Roster,
Emerson Tv Aspect Ratio Without Remote,
Robin Lopez High School,
Nathaniel Clyne Fifa 20 Career Mode,
Aws Lambda Concurrent Executions Vs Invocations,
Men's Lifestyle Websites Uk,
Guatemala Sinkhole 2019,
Phoenix Inferno Warzone,
Sporting Vs Pacos Ferreira Results,
Are Pink Snowberries Edible,
,Sitemap,Sitemap